Tag: North CArolina

NC foreclosure bill SB 312 dies silently

I had sought for a representative example of emails to the legislators  and copies of proposed testimony before the hearing committees that I would review and add constitutionality challenges. Having received none from the advocacy group, I found the following event an excellent case to demonstrate the need to apply constitutional law.

A 2023 NC bill taking strong stand on HOA foreclosure rights. It was a bill containing above and beyond restrictions and actions on filing liens for failures to pay assessment.  It was read and sent to the rules committee in March without being assigned to any hearing committee, as is SOP. As I explained in “Understanding the Legislative structure,” the Rules Committee is controlled by the majority party leaders and can hold a bill from being heard, which it appears has happened.

My review and analysis rests solely on the following. The bill had good intentions but lacked any real support or concern from the bill sponsor.  It simply deleted all references in the NC General Statutes granting the HOA rights to foreclose on” dead beats.” I am not aware of any social media or news media coverage of this important bill.

In general, my recommendations on preparing and supporting favorable legislation are presented in Legislative proposals and legal memoranda, but here I apply those recommendations to this bill.

First, in a highly controversial bill as we have here, the sponsor should have included an Intent section that provides the rationale for the need for the bill to be made law. Even if not passed, the Intent section becomes part of the legislative record otherwise silence reigns.*  A host of legal authority failed to be presented to the NC General Assembly that, among other violations, raised constitutional issues of violations of the 8th Amendment against cruel and unusual punishment.

Of particular authority – persuasive authority in the courts – that carries strong weight is found in the Minnesota decision: Supreme Court finds taking excess foreclosure funds unconstitutional. 

“She brought ‘claims under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.’ . . . Because we find that Tyler has plausibly alleged a taking under the Fifth Amendment [eminent domain] . . . we need not decide whether she has also alleged an excessive fine under the Eighth Amendment.”

For a discussion of foreclosure injustice, see HOA Common Sense, No. 8: Draconian punishment and intimidation. Also see the 2019 SC bill analysis, Substantive SC HOA reform bill – end foreclosure.

 “The Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause is an incorporated protection applicable to the States under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. . . .  The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause incorporates and renders applicable to the States Bill of Rights protections “fun­damental to our scheme of ordered liberty.”

Now is the time for all good advocates . . .

The NC legislature is still in session and bills are carried over to the following year in NC’s biannual sessions.  With a strong outcry from NC citizens and advocates the Rules Committee can place this bill back into play by assigning a hearing committee and allowing for a vote; if not too late this session then next year. (See Understanding the Legislative structure).  Support by the Sponsor, Senator Kandie Smith, is a strong endorsement.

The ball is in the NC advocate’s court.

NC reform bills need your support

Three very material and important bills seeking meaningful HOA reforms are before the North Carolina General Assembly (legislature): H311, S312, and H542.  (See ‘There is no oversight’ Proposed bills call for changes to HOAs in North Carolina). These bills address the two categories of reform legislation as I have defined them: constitutional and operational.

It has been my experience over some 23 years that reform legislation falls into two categorical levels: constitutional seeking to change the systemic HOA scheme, and operational seeking to apply the existing day-to-day laws and governing documents in a fair and just manner.

The average homeowner does not quite understand the broader constitutional issues but well feels the effects of the current day-to-day conditions. AN example of operational reform would be to change the time frame or approval percentage of an existing covenant. It’s a procedural change.

H311,

An act to establish a community association oversight division in the office of the attorney general.  In short, the AG is authorized to investigate HOA wrongdoing and to take remedial action including legal action, if so determined. The division is a rulemaking body —  adopt and change rules —  to carry out its authority. It is a constitutional 14th Amendment due process and equal protection of the laws bill.

S312,

An act that requires notice of liens and the ability to foreclose. A lengthy bill to inform the homeowner that a lien has been placed on his property and the right to work out a repayment plan. While the right to foreclose is removed, the HOA can proceed with legal action to obtain payment of the debt, like garnishment, etc. It has a constitutional aspect in removing the right to foreclose – seen as a special law for a special entity, the HOA – and an operational aspect with respect to the procedures to follow in attempting to collect the unpaid assessments.

H542,

An act placing a limit on foreclosure and notice of a lien. The lien notice is similar to S312. The bill also sets a $2,500 minimum, or 1 year of unpaid assessments not paid within 30 days. It is an operational bill dealing with everyday procedures.

I prefer S312 over H542 since HOA foreclosure rights are unreasonable, against good public policy, and whose purpose is to serve as a punishment.  What right does a private entity, that has not advanced any hard cash like a bank, have to receive foreclosure payments far in excess of the HOA assessment debt that also includes exorbitant attorney payments not found in the public sector?

[Please feel free to repost with proper credit].

HOA constitutionality Plan supplement – BOD education

The Plan Toward Restoring the HOA Model of Governance[1] called for both a systemic restructuring of the HOA legal scheme and the need to reorient the BODs and legislators. The long ignored and inexcusable questions of constitutionality that continue to harm members and the greater communities across this country must be exposed, understood and accepted.

hoa-const.jpg

The above picture reflects the rewrite of the Preamble to the Constitution as applied to the HOA-Land nation. It reads,

“We the people of a private HOA, in order to protect property values, insure domestic tranquility, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of increased property values to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Declaration for the United HOAs of America.”

Why is there a need for board of directors education on HOA constitutionality? Why? Because:

  • HOAs are a form of local government not subject to the Constitution, and have created divisiveness and a separation from the greater public community resulting in member confusion regarding the law and their constitutional rights and protections;
  • the national lobbying entity, CAI, has indoctrinated the legislators, the courts, and the public with its CAI School of HOA Governance program that contains just lip service to constitutional questions, for example,

“A global nonprofit 501(c)(6) organization, CAI is the foremost authority in community association management, governance, education, and advocacy. Our mission is to inspire professionalism, effective leadership, and responsible citizenship—ideals reflected in community associations that are preferred places to call home.”[2]

while opposing the application of the Constitution in its numerous amicus curiae briefs to the courts, for example,

“In light of these statutory, contractual and common law standards protecting the interests of community association members, they need not claim constitutional protection from the conduct of governing boards to exercise their rights with respect to the associations.”[3]

  • The Findings, Section II, Education for Homeowners Associations and Board Members, of the North Carolina HOA study report to the NC General Assembly recommended,

“In order to provide accurate and readily available resources to educate homeowners, board members, and interested persons about the duties and responsibilities of property ownership in an HOA community, the General Assembly . . . to seek reliable and unbiased information available from private entities . . . and provide for published and online documents and programs offering HOA education . . . .”[4]

  • Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government, the 1994 landmark book based on the research of UIC Prof. McKenzie, and highly appropriate today, called the reader’s attention to,

“CIDS [HOAs] currently engage in many activities that would be prohibited  if they were viewed  by the courts as the equivalent of local governments.

“In a variety of ways, these private governments are illiberal and undemocratic. Most significantly boards of directors operate outside constitutional restrictions because the law views them as business entities rather than governments. . . . [They] are inconsistent not only with political theories of legitimacy but with the normal process by which governments are created. . . . Thus these ‘private governments’ may violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” (Chapter 6).

  • A Table of Authorities,[5] not all inclusive, supporting the Restoring the Lost Constitution.
  • Unanswered questions on HOA constitutionality:

CAI Common Ground Editor Durso mentioned my 2006 “‘open e-mail questionnaire to CAI’ containing four questions.”  Below is a copy of those questions initially addressed to the AZ Legislature a year earlier.  I never had any answer, either from the Legislature or CAI, nor any debate on the issues.

In a 2011 email to the North Carolina Legislature House HOA Committee I asked, “the legislators, the public interest organizations and policy makers to consider the following questions.” And I concluded with, “I await your reply, or a reply from any of the legal-academic aristocrats.”[6] Still no answer.

    • Can a legislature delegate its functions, not government services but functions, to private entities without oversight or compliance with the Constitution, as required of all government entities?
    • Can private parties enter into contractual arrangements using adhesion contracts and a constructive notice consent that serve to regulate and control the people within a territory (an HOA), to circumvent the application of the Constitution?

 A webinar is in the plans that summarizes and follows the materials – the text — comprising the HOA educational series to reorient HOA boards and the public in general. The text is available online under the collection, “Restoring the Lost Constitution to HOA-Land.” Will be coming soon.

Notes

[1] See https://tinyurl.com/sr27yq3.

[2] About Community Associations Institute, April 4, 2020). https://finance.yahoo.com/news/community-associations-institute-cai-provides-181931116.html. April 4, 2020).

[3] CAI amicus brief, Jan. 3, 2013, Dublirer v. 2000 Linwood Avenue Owners Assn, N.J. Docket 069154 (2014).

[4] “Study On Homeowners Associations”, Luke A. Rankin, Chair, South Carolina General Assembly (December 18, 2015). (http://www.scstatehouse.gov/CommitteeInfo/HomeownersAssociationStudyCommittee/HOAStudyCommitteeFinalReport12182015.pdf). April 27, 2020).

[5] http://starman.com/m…/restructureHOA/restructure-reading.pdf.

[6] See Too hot for NC HOA committee – withdraws legal-academic “experts, George K. Staropoli, HOA Constitutional Government (Nov. 17, 2011). https://pvtgov.wordpress.com/2011/11/17/too-hot-for-nc-hoa-committee-withdraws-legal-academic-experts/

HOAs with police powers: sliding down the slippery slope to HOA-Land

In State of NC v. Weaver[1] an HOA security officer stopped a driver on the suspicion of speeding within the HOA grounds.  Even though there were almost identical circumstances in Poris v. Lake Holiday[2] – uniforms, patrol car marked “Metro Public Safety,” and flashing lights – where the Illinois court held that security agents had the right to stop and detain drivers, the state in this appeal argued that the security officer was not a state agent. 

 The HOA authorized the security officers “to issue civil citations and fines to anyone on the property who violated the rules and regulations of the community (fines to be collected by a debt collector).  Note the broad grant of power to the security officers to fine and collect debt from non-members (the question of public streets remains unknown).  Therefore, it should not be surprising that the trial court had held:  “1. The armed security guard . . . [a]cted as an agent for the State[.]; 2. The armed security guard is a State actor.”[3]

 In reply, the State argued that:  “a traffic stop conducted entirely by a nonstate [emphasis added] actor is not subject to reasonable suspicion because the fourth amendment does not apply.”  In other words, while a cop had to have had a good suspicion that a crime was committed in order to stop and detain, it did not pertain to the security agent who was not a state agent, and constitutional protections did not apply as it does not apply to the HOA contract in general.

The question of whether or not the officer was acting under HOA orders was avoided, thus not allowing the question of HOAs as state actors to be entertained.   Questions like: Was the HOA’s authority to have its security agency act with civil police powers – stop and detain – constitutional?  Was the HOA, itself, a state actor?[4]

Where did the HOA get such authority? Certainly not by delegation from the NC legislature as required by law even for the creation of state agencies.  (In Arizona, constitutionality challenges were mounted by CAI attorneys questioning the authority of the Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) to adjudicate HOA disputes).

But, this constitutionality issue was not the question before the court, but should have been as it pertained to the legality of the initial stop and detain act by the security officer.

The appellate court maintained that there was no evidence that the officer was acting to assist bona fide law enforcement officers or was asked by them for assistance.  However, it ignored its own acknowledged fact that the officer detained the defendant when  he smelled alcohol and “asked defendant to “step out of [the] vehicle and have a seat on the . . . sidewalk[.]”

The appellate court also ignored the trial court finding, which was not challenged by the State, that: “No Longer was he performing under Metro’s contract. After issuing the civil citation his actions exceeded his contractual authority. His goal and purpose evolved into detaining [d]efendant until local law enforcement arrived.” Was this a legitimate citizen’s arrest?

And what if the officer was acting under contract?  Then what?  Not addressed.

The appellate court dismissed the findings that the HOA security officer was a state actor and the case goes back to the trial court to decide its merits.  Namely, as a private citizen did the officer unconstitutionally stop and detain the defendant?  Poris said no. Federal court decisions on Arizona’s SB 1070 immigration laws put a strong damper on even police stopping and detaining citizens. 

So, where do we go from here?    Hopefully to answer the question of the HOA’s authority to act with police powers, a power confined to civil, not private, government.

 

 References

 

[1] State of NC v. Weaver, NO. COA13-578 (NC App. 12-13-2013). This appeal centered on the trial court’s granting of a motion to suppress evidence in the DUI case, because the security officer was a state actor.  It does not consider the very important issue of HOAs as state agents. The defendant was represented in the appeals case by NC’s version of a public defender.

[2] See in general, Corporatism in America: IL Supreme Court grants HOA police powers to arrest and detain.

[3] A ‘state actor’ can be defined simply as ‘an arm of the state’ as if it were a public agency or entity.  As such, the HOA would then be subject to 14th Amendment restrictions that protect your rights.  See Do state HOA Statutes Establish HOAs as State Actors?

NC CAI attorney joins Enlightenment Movement

North Carolina CAI attorney Michael Hunter joins the Enlightenment Movement in his Aug. 8 column on CharlotteObserver.com, The buck stops with HOA boards, not management companies.

It is necessary to obtain the affiliations of attorneys writing media columns as we know that CAI attorneys are biased toward the objectives of the national business lobbying organization, CAI. Just as people want to know if a person is a Republican or Democrat, or a liberal or conservative, it’s important to know the affiliation of HOA columnists so the message can be properly interpreted.

That is why this article is so surprising. A CAI member attorney dealing with reality rather than in promoting the CAI “party line”! If those homeowners would only follow the rules all would be OK. In his column, Michael Hunter says it’s the boards stupid, not the management companies and not the members, who have the responsibilities, duties and liabilities. He has become part of the Enlightenment Movement, along with several California CAI member attorneys if you read their websites and newsletters.

Advocates like Jim Lane in NC are the causes of this conversion, this acceptance of reality by CAI members. He has provoked, challenged, and confronted the opposition forcing a response or continued silence. The silence tactic is not working any longer, because there are too many outlets siding with Homeowner Rights Advocates for the advocate to be portrayed as a troublemaker or a malcontent as in the past.  The public and the media are realizing that advocates have legitimate grievances that have not been adequately addressed by state legislatures.

But, stand watch advocates, CAI Central is still spewing forth it propaganda, this time to Congress, CAI now seeks to lobby Congress on HOAs. CAI Central realizes it no longer controls the playing field and must extend its propaganda in defense of the growing Enlightenment Movement in the media.